Which of the following is true regarding the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines in older adults?

The statement that encompasses all aspects of the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines in older adults is comprehensive and accurate. As individuals age, several physiological changes occur that influence how drugs are metabolized and cleared from the body.

Lower clearance rates are notable because older adults often experience decreased liver function, which affects the metabolism of many drugs, including benzodiazepines. This reduction in metabolic capacity can lead to higher plasma levels of the drug over time.

Increased volume of distribution is another critical factor in older adults. As body composition changes with age—specifically, there tends to be a decrease in total body water and lean body mass in contrast to an increase in body fat—this can alter how drugs are distributed throughout the body. For lipophilic drugs like many benzodiazepines, a greater volume of distribution may lead to prolonged effects as these drugs can be stored in adipose tissues.

The risk of accumulation is particularly pertinent when considering the half-lives of benzodiazepines. Due to the aforementioned factors, older adults may not eliminate benzodiazepines from their systems as efficiently as younger individuals, leading to higher risks of drug accumulation and potential toxicity.

The combination of these effects—lower clearance rates, increased volume of distribution